一、過去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
概念:過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。
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那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
構(gòu)成:過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had 過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中 had 通用于各種人稱。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時(shí)間狀語來判定
一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:
( 1 ) by 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。
過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
( 1 )賓語從句中
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。
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