介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。介詞分為三種,一種是簡(jiǎn)單介詞,如at, in, on, beside, to , for等;另一種是短語(yǔ)介詞,即由兩個(gè)以上的詞組組成的短語(yǔ),如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等;還有一種叫二重介詞,如until after, from behind等。
(一)介詞的句法功能
介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成份,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份,表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。
1、作定語(yǔ):The book on the table is mine.
2、作狀語(yǔ):We have breakfast at seven.(表時(shí)間);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表語(yǔ):My dictionary is in the bag.
4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):I found him in the office.
(二)主要介詞區(qū)別
1、表示時(shí)間的at, in, on:at表示片刻的時(shí)間,如:at 8 o'clock ,常用詞組有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的時(shí)間,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關(guān),on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示時(shí)間的since和from:since表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的過程,常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。from表示從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始,不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。一般多與現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、將來時(shí)連用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示時(shí)間的in和after:兩者都表示"在(某個(gè)時(shí)間)之后,區(qū)別在于in表示"在(一段時(shí)間)之后",而after則表示"在(某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后)",in短語(yǔ)和將來時(shí)態(tài)連用,after短語(yǔ)和過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)連用。如:We'll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?
注意:after有時(shí)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后(常用在過去時(shí)里)。如:After two months he returned.
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