命題特點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)非常復(fù)雜，然而它的本質(zhì)特征主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：1.語(yǔ)言規(guī)則系統(tǒng)的重構(gòu)，即語(yǔ)音規(guī)則系統(tǒng)，語(yǔ)法規(guī)則系統(tǒng)和語(yǔ)義規(guī)則系統(tǒng)的重構(gòu)；2.跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)，即在交際環(huán)境中正確，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用英語(yǔ)能力的培養(yǎng)。
高考英語(yǔ)命題和試卷設(shè)計(jì)正是突出了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的這一特點(diǎn)。雖然高考英語(yǔ)試題的命題已由“知識(shí)立意”轉(zhuǎn)向“能力立意”，但是語(yǔ)言知識(shí)在試卷中的地位、在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的作用始終不容忽視。知識(shí)是能力的基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)能力的測(cè)試不可避免地要結(jié)合對(duì)知識(shí)的測(cè)試，沒有基礎(chǔ)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，就談不上語(yǔ)言能力的發(fā)展。因此高考英語(yǔ)備考必須十分重視英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)體系。備考過(guò)程不應(yīng)是對(duì)已學(xué)知識(shí)的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)和強(qiáng)化，而應(yīng)將中學(xué)六年所學(xué)的零散的、孤立的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)，形成一個(gè)完整的知識(shí)體系，從而摸索出規(guī)律，過(guò)好基礎(chǔ)關(guān)，為語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
典例精析
在分析、理解和運(yùn)作語(yǔ)言時(shí)，必須同時(shí)考慮英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義兩大因素，先結(jié)構(gòu)再意義，以確保正確地表情達(dá)意。
例1 It is dangerous to let the children who are _____ go swimming.
A. so young to B. so young C . too young to D. not old enough to
分析：本題若只看選項(xiàng)表面，很容易誤選C或D。但若看清該句主語(yǔ)為不定式短語(yǔ)，其中附有修飾賓語(yǔ)the children的定語(yǔ)從句 “ who are___”，則很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)該不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)為 “l(fā)et sb. do” ，答案自然為B。
關(guān)注句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義，必須注重上下文提供的語(yǔ)境及結(jié)構(gòu)線索。
例2 ——Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Shanghai?
——_________. It is 2 years since I worked there.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don’t C. Yes, I have D. No, I haven’t
分析：本句關(guān)鍵是正確理解 “It is 2 years since I worked there.”
“It is + time + since …”屬英語(yǔ)常用特定句子結(jié)構(gòu)，表示動(dòng)作自過(guò)去發(fā)生至今有多久。但該結(jié)構(gòu)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)決定其最終的意義。從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為瞬間性動(dòng)詞，則表該瞬間動(dòng)詞發(fā)生至今時(shí)間多久；若從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則表示該延續(xù)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作終止至今時(shí)間多久. “ worked” 屬延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，該句意為 “我至今已有兩年沒在上海工作了�！�，顯然，本題的答案為B。
例3 ——Who’s made so much noise in the garden?
——______ the children.
A. There are B. They are; C. That is D. It is
分析：根據(jù)本題問句的結(jié)構(gòu), “who”是謂語(yǔ) “has made” 的主語(yǔ)，則斷定答句中的 “the children”只能是句子的主語(yǔ)，即：The children have made so much noise in the garden. 這樣才叫“所答所問”。可見本題無(wú)需填詞便已完整。但結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，只有D項(xiàng)能達(dá)此要求。只是答者用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)形式來(lái)回答主語(yǔ)the children。完整的答句為：It is the children who have made so much noise in the garden.其它選項(xiàng)均屬“答非所問”。
例4 The chairman thought _____ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A. that B. it C. this D. him
分析：本題中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 “thought”可擁有 “S+V+O+C”句子結(jié)構(gòu)。該句動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)為不定式短語(yǔ) to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting，而 necessary則為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系；根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求，須用形式主語(yǔ) it來(lái)完成全句。
例5 I’ll go to London next week. Do you have anything _____ to your parents?
A. to take B. to bring C. to be taken D. to be brought
分析：由本句的結(jié)構(gòu)可以得知，選項(xiàng)將要完成不定式作定語(yǔ)修飾anything。根據(jù)句意，動(dòng)詞自然為take。就句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言，A和C項(xiàng)都成立，但意義不同。A項(xiàng)不定式主動(dòng)形式，表明該不定式動(dòng)作是本句主語(yǔ)you所為；而C項(xiàng)不定式被動(dòng)形式，則強(qiáng)調(diào)該不定式動(dòng)作是除本句主語(yǔ)you之外的人所為，恰好符合本題的意義，即：你是否有什么東西要我?guī)Ыo你的父母？可見，C項(xiàng)便在情理之中了。
例6 ——It was three o’clock _____ we arrived at the village.
—— Oh, it was also at three o’clock ______ that arrived at the village.
A. that ; when B. when ; that C. that ; that D. when ; when
分析：從對(duì)話雙方陳述的內(nèi)容并結(jié)合所用的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可以得知，第一句中的it有實(shí)意，表示時(shí)間，其中 “it was three o’clock”為全句的主體，空檔選when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示我們到達(dá)的時(shí)間是三點(diǎn)鐘。而第二句的意義與第一句意義雷同，但注意到句中有at three o’clock,可見，該句中的it為形式主語(yǔ)，句子屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，以強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at three o’clock，自然空檔應(yīng)選that。因此，完成整個(gè)對(duì)話便選B。
例7 Don’t stop trying . You’ll be sure _______ .
A. to succeed B. of succeeding C. of success D. about your succeeding
分析：“be sure”的組句結(jié)構(gòu)既可為 “be sure to do sth.” 也可為 “be sure of / about doing sth.”. 但其意義不同。 “You’ll be sure to succeed. == I’m sure that you’ll succeed.”，即強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話者(the speaker)的觀點(diǎn)；而 “You’ll be sure of succeeding. == You are sure that you’ll succeed.”，即 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中主語(yǔ)(the subject)自己的觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)本題提供的語(yǔ)境 “Don’t stop trying”，顯然，A是唯一合適的選項(xiàng)。
例7 The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _____ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
分析：句子時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)永恒的主題。本題考查從句中時(shí)態(tài)的正確選用。根據(jù)主句提供的語(yǔ)言背景 “The policeman’s attention was caught”（警察注意到）為過(guò)去時(shí)，表明“盒子被放在車子下面”是“在警察注意到”之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，屬過(guò)去的過(guò)去，自然要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，C項(xiàng)便在情理之中。
（注：本文中的例子，均是老師對(duì)高考的重新設(shè)計(jì)。）
探究規(guī)律
英語(yǔ)是一門十分注重結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言。句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同，意義各異，如：
(1)He found the article easily （ S+V+O）
(2)He found the article easy. ( S+V+O+C)
本組句子一字之差，其結(jié)構(gòu)和意義迥然不同。前句為S+V+O 結(jié)構(gòu)，其中easily修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，全句意為“他輕而易舉地找到了這篇文章。”；后句則為S+V+O+C 結(jié)構(gòu)，其中easy 為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，與賓語(yǔ)the article構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，全句意為“他發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇文章不難�！�
備考建議
復(fù)習(xí)備考始終以句子為訓(xùn)練和實(shí)踐的基本單位，緊緊圍繞句子的核心，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、句子的組合，即各類從句和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，即非謂語(yǔ)形式這三大語(yǔ)法支柱來(lái)開展語(yǔ)言復(fù)習(xí)的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，達(dá)到詞不離句、句不離文。
鑒于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基本特征，高考英語(yǔ)備考還應(yīng)注意積累一定量的語(yǔ)言文化知識(shí)，以推動(dòng)對(duì)句子乃至語(yǔ)段的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義的準(zhǔn)確把握和理解。
What he played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.
本句中的 “ a Judas kiss ” 源于圣經(jīng)《馬太福音》猶大以親吻耶穌的方式出賣耶穌的故事。只要了解這一語(yǔ)言背景，則不難理解a Judas kiss== an act of treachery, 畢業(yè)背叛行為。 全句確切含意便一目了然。
2014年展望
必須指出，近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)試題的整體難度有所下降，其語(yǔ)言地道、語(yǔ)境仿真、不拘一格、講究實(shí)用，要求學(xué)生不死記語(yǔ)法，不死鉆怪題，而應(yīng)注重句子結(jié)構(gòu)，在語(yǔ)言的實(shí)用意義上下功夫。因此，高考備考中必須對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義予以足夠重視，以實(shí)踐原則指導(dǎo)高考復(fù)習(xí)，促進(jìn)能力轉(zhuǎn)化。
知識(shí)的掌握和語(yǔ)言能力的形成要靠大量的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。多實(shí)踐練習(xí)，則熟能生巧，能力就會(huì)自然提高。在高三最后復(fù)習(xí)階段，時(shí)間很有限。備考要有廣度和一定深度，但反對(duì)題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，反對(duì)無(wú)選擇地大量重復(fù)的機(jī)械練習(xí)題；杜絕一切偏、難、怪題，提倡精選精練那些設(shè)計(jì)嚴(yán)密、具有科學(xué)性、系統(tǒng)性、針對(duì)性的練習(xí)題，限時(shí)完成，保證質(zhì)量；題不在多，典型就行；題不在難，思考就靈。要通過(guò)練習(xí)及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題，提高分辨能力，掌握解題技巧。在處理練習(xí)時(shí)，不要只求答案，要進(jìn)行多角度設(shè)問，使自己既要知其然，更要知其所以然。要通過(guò)典型題分析，培養(yǎng)自己舉一反三、觸類旁通的能力。在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到最佳的復(fù)習(xí)效果。
練兵場(chǎng)
1. With the fact that he is a good deal younger than the rest of us ______ into account I think he has done pretty well indeed.
A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
2.? Mum’s gift? She ______ have chosen a better one for me.
-- Oh, she _____ be very happy to know it.
A. should; must B. couldn’t; must C. might ; would D. mustn’t ; can’t
3.. ? How did you sleep last night ?
-- Like a log. Never slept ______.
A. well B. deeply C. better D. best
4. This form should be filled _______ ink .
A. in B. with C. in with D. in in
5. ? Tom and Mike have made great progress recently.
-- ______ , and ______ .
A. So they were ; so you have B. So they have ; so have you
C. So have they ; so have you D. So have they ; so you have
6. _____ is known to all that the island has been Chinese territory since ancient times.
A. As B. Which C. What D. It
7. The student spent most of his spare time _____the TV set.
A. watching B. looking at C. in front of D. in seeing
8. Early in the morning _____ the enemy was coming towards the village.
A. the news came that B. came the news that
C. did the news come that D. came the news which
9. I had to buy _____ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
10. ? One week’s time has been wasted.
-- I can’t believe we did all that work for _____ .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
11. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
12. ? I called you up at ten yesterday morning, but you were not in.
-- Oh, I ______the doctor then.
A. saw B. was seeing C. has seen D. am seeing
13. He insisted that he ______ right in doing that.
A. should be B. be C. was D. had been
14. It will be quite a long time ______ she is back again, so don’t be too cross with her.
A. that B. since C. before D. until
15. This is a disease that can result in total blindness ______ left untreated.
A. after B. if C. since D. unless
16. _____ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize.
A. The first time B. For the first time C. At a time D. First time
17. He was rude to the Customs officer, ______ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
18. Was it _____ he said or something he did ______ made her cry so sadly.
A. what ; what B. that ; that C. that ; what D. what ; that
19. He has been working for more than 20 years and seldom _____ so tired as he do now.
A. he has felt B. he had felt C. has he felt D. had he felt
20. The noise of the machines _______ can be clearly heard in our classroom.
A. fixed B. being fixed C. to be fixed D. having been fixed
21. She likes to sleep with the window ______ and the electric fan ______ .
A. open ; working B. opened ; worked C. opening ; working D. opening ; worked
22. Is this the watch which you wish ______ ?
A. to repair it B. to have it repaired C. to have repaired D. will be repaired
23. ? What’s made John so upset ?
-- I believe _______ the game. It shocked him so much.
A. for losing B. lost C. losing D. because of losing
24. Words ______ me when I wanted to express my thanks to him for having save my son from the
burning house.
A. failed B. left C. discouraged D. disappointed
25. What was it ______ made our area different from what it used to be ?
A. has B. had C. that D. which
26. Long ago there ______ an old man and his kind wife in this house.
A. is B. lived C. had D. had been
參考答案
BBCDB / DCBDB / BBCCB / ADDCB / ACCAC / B
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