名詞性從句
定義：在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于
名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在
句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
名詞性從句中的連接詞有:
連詞: that / whether / as if(though);
連接代詞: what / who/ which / whose /
whatever / whoever / whomever
/ whichever，
連接副詞: where / when / why / how
/ wherever / whenever。
?連詞: 引導(dǎo)從句，但在從句中不作成分
that ：無(wú)詞義，不作成分，起連接作用
whether/if：“是否”不作成分，起連接作用
If只用于賓從中
as if(though)：“好象”只連接表語(yǔ)從句
?連接代詞：引導(dǎo)從句，并在從句中作成分
What（ever）：（無(wú)論）什么，作主，賓，表，定語(yǔ)
which（ever）：（無(wú)論）哪一個(gè)（些）作主，賓，表，定語(yǔ)
Who（ever） ： “（無(wú)論）誰(shuí)（主格）”作主，賓
Whom（ever ）：“ （無(wú)論）誰(shuí)（賓格）”作賓 whose （ever ）：“（無(wú)論）誰(shuí)的，作定
?連接副詞: 引導(dǎo)從句，作狀語(yǔ)
?When （ever ） ：“ 什么時(shí)候” 作狀語(yǔ)
?where ：“ 什么地方”
?how ：怎樣
?why ：為什么
?從句中用陳述句序：疑問(wèn)詞+陳述句語(yǔ)序
分類詞形詞義作從句的成分注意點(diǎn)
連接詞that//賓從中可省
whether/if是否/If只用于賓從中有or not時(shí)不能用
as if(though)好象//
連接代詞What（ever）（無(wú)論）什么，作主，賓，表，定語(yǔ)…….東西，……事情
which（ever）（無(wú)論）哪一個(gè)（些）作主，賓，表，定語(yǔ)/
Who（ever）“（無(wú)論）誰(shuí)（主格）”作主，賓/
Whom（ever ）“ （無(wú)論）誰(shuí)（賓格） ”作賓/
whose （ever ）“（無(wú)論）誰(shuí)的，作定/
連接副詞When （ever） “什么時(shí)候”作狀語(yǔ)/
where“什么地方”作狀語(yǔ)/
how怎樣作狀語(yǔ)/
why為什么作狀語(yǔ)/
根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：① 簡(jiǎn)單句-------一主一謂
②并列句-------由等立連詞and, but, so, for把兩個(gè)（以上）的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
③復(fù)合句--------一個(gè)主句+從句（一個(gè)或以上）構(gòu)成。
根據(jù)從句在復(fù)合句中的作用，分為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。
名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。
１．主語(yǔ)從句-----在句中作主語(yǔ)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)
e.g. What you said sounds reasonable.
It is well known/reported/thought/said/… that…
It is natural/surprising/necessary/certain/true/clear… that…
It is a pity/a shame/an honour/no surprise/no wonder… that…
It doesn’t matter whether…
It seems\appears that… It happens that…碰巧
2．表語(yǔ)從句-----位于系動(dòng)詞之后,表語(yǔ)從句還可用as if/as though/because/why引導(dǎo)
e.g. The question is who can complete the difficult task.
３．同位語(yǔ)從句-----跟在名詞后面，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。名詞主要有：fact, news（word）, promise, idea, truth, thought, suggestion, hope, proposal, doubt等。一般用that引導(dǎo)，不省略，不用which..也可用whether (不用if), who, what, which, when, where, how , why
e.g. The news that our team has won the match is true.
4．賓語(yǔ)從句
1）作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)（it可作形式賓語(yǔ)；注意whether和if區(qū)別）
2)直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
I doubt whether\if he will keep his word. I don’t doubt that our team will win.
一．引導(dǎo)詞
1.從屬連詞有that, whether, if。它們只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分
2.連接代詞有who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whoever, whichever等。它們?cè)趶木渲衅疬B接作用，本身又作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)或定語(yǔ)。
3．連接副詞有when, where, why, how 等，它們既起連接作用，本身又作從句的狀語(yǔ)。
how many(much, far, long, often,soon)等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)從句
二．語(yǔ)序： 名詞性從句中一律用陳述句語(yǔ)序
When he will arrive is not known.
I don't know how I can get through the exam.
三．時(shí)態(tài)
1．在賓語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其從句的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)各種需要用各種時(shí)態(tài)
Mary is very diligent. Mary was very diligent.
Mary is reading English. Tom said Mary was reading English.
Tom says Mary will give us a talk. Mary would give us a talk.
Mary has been caught in the rain. Mary had been caught in the rain.
但是，賓語(yǔ)從句表示事實(shí)、格言、諺語(yǔ)等，從句的時(shí)態(tài)仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2．在主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中，也要注意主從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要一致，關(guān)鍵要注意動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。
Who will win the first prize in the contest is not known to us.
Have you any idea why he was so rude?
四、語(yǔ)氣
1．只要表示“命令、建議、要求”的各類名詞性從句，都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should 可以省略。
had done necessary/ important
2.wish did (be --were) 3. It is strange (should) +動(dòng)詞原形
would do a pity/ a shame
五．賓語(yǔ)從句否定詞的轉(zhuǎn)移 I don't think he will come.
六、 if和whether表“是否”，一般情況下可以通用，下列情況下不可通用。
1．主語(yǔ)從句句首 2．表語(yǔ)從句 3．介詞之后
4．不定式之前 5．緊跟or not 6. 同位語(yǔ)從句
7. 賓語(yǔ)從句前移Whether she will win the game, I’m not sure.
七．that和what
that不充當(dāng)任何成分，what可以在從句中充當(dāng)成分：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。that在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以省略。下面幾種情況不可以省略：
1．主語(yǔ)從句 2. 表語(yǔ)從句
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句
Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects.
4. it作形式賓語(yǔ)，that 引導(dǎo)的真正賓語(yǔ)從句
They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
5. 兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，只有第一個(gè)that可省
Mr smith told the workers( that )John had worked very hard and that he wanted him stay.
八．1． Whoever=anyone who, whichever, whatever=anything that = 名詞/代詞+（相關(guān)的）連接代詞
He gave whoever came to the door a smile.= He gave any person who came to the door a smile.
比較：He asked me who broke the glass.（正確） 他問(wèn)我是誰(shuí)打的玻璃。
He asked me whoever broke the glass.（錯(cuò)誤）
Whoever goes against law shall be punished.（正確） 違法的人將受罰。
Who goes against law shall be punished.（錯(cuò)誤）
2．wh-ever與no matter wh-的用法區(qū)別
wh-ever可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
==No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.
He would believe whatever I said.賓語(yǔ)從句
九．同位語(yǔ)從句的that和定語(yǔ)從句的that的區(qū)別
1. The news that our team had won made us very happy.
同位語(yǔ)從句，that在抽象名次之后，對(duì)其作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，不可省
2. The news (that) he brought us made us very happy.
定語(yǔ)從句，that在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)可省。
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