1.Simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.
標(biāo)志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡(jiǎn)縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過(guò)比較形成.
例如:
1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻
借喻不直接說(shuō)出所要說(shuō)的事物,而使用另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的事物名稱.
I.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水開(kāi)了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我說(shuō).
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整體)
他的廠里約有100名工人.
2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整體代部分)
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia 通感,聯(lián)覺(jué),移覺(jué)
這種修辭法是以視.聽(tīng).觸.嗅.味等感覺(jué)直接描寫(xiě)事物.通感就是把不同感官的感覺(jué)溝通起來(lái),借聯(lián)想引起感覺(jué)轉(zhuǎn)移,“以感覺(jué)寫(xiě)感覺(jué)”。
通感技巧的運(yùn)用,能突破語(yǔ)言的局限,豐富表情達(dá)意的審美情趣,起到增強(qiáng)文采的藝術(shù)效果。比如:欣賞建筑的重復(fù)與變化的樣式會(huì)聯(lián)想到音樂(lè)的重復(fù)與變化的節(jié)奏;聞到酸的東西會(huì)聯(lián)想到尖銳的物體;聽(tīng)到飄渺輕柔的音樂(lè)會(huì)聯(lián)想到薄薄的半透明的紗子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微風(fēng)過(guò)處送來(lái)縷縷清香,仿佛遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的”。
例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用視覺(jué)形容聽(tīng)覺(jué),鳥(niǎo)落在樹(shù)上,由它發(fā)出的聲音聯(lián)想到百合花)
鳥(niǎo)兒落在樹(shù)上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
2>.Taste the music of Mozart.(用嗅覺(jué)形容聽(tīng)覺(jué))
品嘗Mozart的音樂(lè).
6.Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無(wú)生命的事物.
例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜擬人化)
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鳥(niǎo)擬人化)
7.Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過(guò)其實(shí)的說(shuō)法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的.它可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),增加表達(dá)效果..
例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.
2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
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